The Biological And Physiological Mechanisms Of Action,...

Transgenic or Genetically Modified (GM) crops are plants used in agriculture that have been genetically modified using recombinant DNA technology. The aim for GM plants/crops is to express a gene or a trait that is not found in the species of the plant. The scientist that modify the plants insert a foreign gene into the plant’s original DNA. As a result to the modification, the plant receives characteristics within the genetic code. Most, GM plants become resistant to pesticides, however there are other variables within transgenic crops. Since the genes of humans, plants, and bacteria are all created from the same genetic material; scientist have a variety of genes to choose from, when modifying. Within plants, genetic modification occurs in steps . â€Å" There are five major steps in the development of a genetically engineered crop. But for every step, it is very important to know the biochemical and physiological mechanisms of action, regulation of gene expression, and saf ety of the gene and the gene product to be utilized† 1. The first step is mapping; Mapping is locating and isolating the desired gene before extraction. Once the gene is extracted, it must be cloned. Many copies are made of the isolated Gene; gene cloning isolates the gene from the entire extracted DNA. Once it is cloned, the gene of interest is designed and packaged so that it can be controlled and properly expressed inside the host plant. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the cloning process, and itShow MoreRelatedWffw3529 Words   |  15 Pagesevents, and actions.| b.|requirements, desires, and impulses.|d.|both a and b| ___A_ 5. Examples of physiological needs are a.|oxygen, food, water and proper temperature.| b.|love, esteem and finances.| c.|waste elimination.| d.|both a and c| ___D_ 6. Motives are believed to give rise to a.|incentives.|c.|behavior.| b.|drives.|d.|needs.| __B__ 7. Needs can be described as a.|physiological and psychological.|c.|psychological and spiritual.| b.|physiological and biological.|d.|permanentRead MoreBCH190 Essay14810 Words   |  60 Pagesinformation in biological organisms. ‘Life’ assembles itself into chains: (A) of RNA (B) all of the answers are correct (C) of DNA (D) of protein (E) none of these answers are correct 2. Which of the following foods is not a significant source of complex carbohydrates? (A) fresh fruit (B) rice (C) pasta (D) oatmeal (E) all of the above are significant sources of complex carbohydrates 3. The order that best represents size from the smallest to the largest biological entitiesRead MoreVolatile Organic Compound Detection Using Graphene6793 Words   |  28 Pagesit is common that fruits are subject to damage because it is not possible always to handle it properly. Therefore it is important to measure the level of damage at an early stage to avoid spoilage. Soft fruit is highly prone to the most common physiological disorder which is firmness. Till date, it has not been reported which physical or biochemical changes affect firmness. Separation of fruits into groups according to firmness is general convention to minimize variability and also to minimize lossRead MoreAutonomic Nervous System and Obj8649 Words   |  35 Pages|d.|subjectively viewed.| ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 6. Motives can take the form of a.|needs, drives, and incentives.|c.|stimuli, events, and actions.| b.|requirements, desires, and impulses.|d.|both a and b| ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 7. Examples of physiological needs are a.|oxygen, food, water and proper temperature.| b.|love, esteem and finances.| c.|waste elimination.| d.|both a and c| ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE:Read MoreThe Development of Empathy10581 Words   |  43 Pagesof empathy requires a lifelong process of relational interaction (Szalavitz Perry, 2010). More importantly, the first relationship humans experience, the mother-child relationship, shapes the neural systems of the stress response to allow self-regulation. This because the brain regions involved in relationships also modulate the stress response and allow empathy to develop. As with most systems, these systems are interdependent and develop together. [pic] Empathy can be defined as the abilityRead MoreDepression Of A Herbal Clinic3293 Words   |  14 PagesThinking about suicide and death. †¢ Self-harm Aetiology and pathophysiology of Depression The 1950s heralded the biomedical exploration of depression through the discovery of anti-depressants like imipramine introduced by Kuhn (Bondy , 2002). Genes and Psychosocial stress (Hasler, 2010) Depression is said to be a familial disorder due to genetic factors confirmed through family, twin, and adoption studies which only attributes a 30 – 40% link (Hasler, 2010). The remaining 60-70% was individual-specificRead MoreAp Psychology Review Packet12425 Words   |  50 Pagesfocus near or far images on the retina. 3.Acetylcholine:  neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning and memory. 4.Achievement Motivation:  desire for accomplishment. 5.Achievement Test:  an exam designed to test what a person has earned. 6.Acoustic Encoding:  encoding of sound, especially words. 7.Acquisition:  the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. 8.Action Potential:  a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. 9.ActivationRead MoreClinical Approaches Of Treating Sleep Terror Disorder9928 Words   |  40 Pagesphenomena that are closely related make up this spectrum of behavior, described as complex behaviors or physiological events that manifest when an individual becomes stuck in the transition period of the sleep cycle. Studies on partial arousal states have been more in depth within the last half century. In regards to sleep terror disorder, many effected individuals only require assurance of their safety and accurate facts of the nature of sleep terror episodes. Additional management may be a considerationRead MoreOpioid Drugs And Their Receptor9764 Words   |  40 Pagesopioid antagonists, nalorphine and naloxone. The later compound is still widely used in research as well as clinically (Brownstein, 1993, Tsisanova, 2012). It was only in the 20th century when the largest advances were made in understanding the mechanism of action of opioids. The existence of opioid receptors and their subtypes was demonstrated by Martin (1979) by showing in vivo that different opioids had different pharmacological profiles and might be acting through different receptors subtypes (TsisanovaRead MoreDual ACC1 / ACC2 Inhibition9209 Words   |  37 Pagesanta- gonistic activity against neuropeptide Y (NPY).11 NPY is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that was found to be one of the most important regulators of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. NPY is most abundant in the brain and has a high expression in the hypothalamus.12 Further- more, NPY is expressed in the spinal cord and most sympa- thetic nerve fibers, especially around blood vessels. Anta- gonism of the NPY receptors (NPY Y1–Y5) has been related to reduced food-intake in mammals,11